National science training policy and early scientific careers in France and the United States     

Monica Gaughan  Stephane Robin 《Research Policy》2004,33(4):569-581

The economic health of nations and regions is increasingly coming to rest on the scientific and technical labor force conducting scientific research. As such, enormous social resources are directed to educating and training those who will fire the engines of economic growth. In the first part of this paper, we compare recent investment in the scientific and technical labor forces by two giants of nationally-supported research endeavors: France and the United States. We find that France is more invested in scientific and technical training, but that both nations invest directly and indirectly in the scientific and technical labor force. French policy is more likely to support the individual graduate student directly through a national grant, while graduate students in the US tend to rely indirectly on federal support through research grants to other researchers. We then use duration models on individual data to predict entry into a permanent academic position within three years of completing a Ph.D. We do not find that industrial support of graduate training has any effect on later success in obtaining a position. There is, however, evidence of different academic labor markets operating in each country. In France, entry into a position has not depended on period factors, while in the US more recent cohorts have been more successful in obtaining permanent employment. Furthermore, postdoctoral positions in France delay or deter academic careers, but have no impact on entry in the US: this suggest that two different modes of scientific human resources management operate in France and in the USA. In the USA, Ph.D.s are seen as an essential element in the process of knowledge transfer, and early mobility does not affect entry into permanent academic careers. In France, few incentives are given to encourage mobility, which merely deters the access to permanent jobs. Finally, we found that graduates of the most prestigious undergraduate institutions were systematically advantaged in obtaining permanent academic employment, suggesting that academic stratification occurs very early in the training path in each country.  相似文献   

The Development of Research Skills in Young Adults with Intellectual Disability in Participatory Research     

Michelle F. Morgan  Karen B. Moni  Monica Cuskelly 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》2015,62(4):438-457

There is limited information about specific research constructs developed by adults with intellectual disability in undertaking research despite increasing involvement in research with rather than on these individuals. Participatory research was used with three young adults with intellectual disability to collaboratively develop a training programme and investigate the skills used and developed when undertaking the research project. Three research domains—Knowledge, Conceptual understandings and Skills, were identified, within which 18 subsets were categorised. Development in all domains and subsets occurred for all young adults, with variations in gains across subsets and participants. These young adults attained research knowledge, understanding and skills that enabled them to become collaborative researchers within this project.  相似文献   

Sustainability education: researching practice in primary schools     

Monica Green  Margaret Somerville 《Environmental Education Research》2015,21(6):832-845

Many teachers are keen to implement sustainability education in primary schools but are lacking the confidence, skills and knowledge to do so. Teachers report that they do not understand the concept and cannot integrate sustainability into an already overcrowded curriculum. Identifying how teachers successfully integrate sustainability education into their teaching practice can offer important insights into how these perceived problems can be overcome. The paper is based on data from the third year of a longitudinal study about teacher education and teacher professional learning for sustainability in primary education. The third year of the study investigated teachers’ understandings of sustainability and how sustainability education is manifested in eight rural and regional primary schools in Victoria, Australia. Data included photographs of school grounds and sustainability projects, audio recordings of focus groups with teachers and principals, and field notes of meetings with school staff. Sustainability education was found to be an emergent practice necessarily constituted in the relation between teachers, students and community members and the materialities of local places. Partnerships were found to be an essential part of integrated sustainability programmes which extended into communities and places beyond the schools. The processes of learning involved pedagogies of creative problem-solving and inquiry learning that enabled children to lead the way.  相似文献   

From Verona to Ramallah: Living in a State of Emergency     

Monica Brady 《Changing English: An International Journal of English Teaching》2015,22(4):365-377

I have spent much of the last two years working in a school in Ramallah, Palestine, supporting new teachers of English. I worked in the classroom, in partnership, sharing the planning and teaching of lessons. This essay is about exploring what happens to texts in a specific classroom context, about how a particularly English text, Romeo and Juliet, was interrogated and remade by young people in a class I taught with Victoria, a young American in her first year of teaching, and about how the study of this fictive text enabled them to explore fundamental questions of identity and difference. Victoria and I, foreigners in Palestine, taught English and shared a common language with the students. This, and the technology available to us, might seem to promise easy communication but this is an illusion, for these things cannot transcend the differences between us – differences that are part of the human condition and have to be acknowledged and embraced if there is to be any meaningful dialogue between us. The essay is therefore also an exploration of the possibilities for communication between us, largely through the literature we read and about the insights we provide for each other in the course of our talk and activities about the text.  相似文献   

Identifying and analyzing touchpoints for building a higher education brand     

Monica Khanna  Isaac Jacob  Neha Yadav 《Journal of Marketing for HIGHER EDUCATION》2014,24(1):122-143

In today's instantly interconnected world, sectors like higher education, which were once considered safe havens, are now being exposed to competitive forces. Education is an experiential service where the active involvement of both the service provider (higher education brand) and the consumer (student) is important. This research paper identifies 13 influencing touchpoints during the various stages of the educational journey – pre-admission stage, course stage and post-passing as alumnus stage.  相似文献   

How do students’ accounts of sociology change over the course of their undergraduate degrees?     

Paul Ashwin  Andrea Abbas  Monica McLean 《Higher Education》2014,67(2):219-234

In this article we examine how students’ accounts of the discipline of sociology change over the course of their undergraduate degrees. Based on a phenomenographic analysis of 86 interviews with 32 sociology and criminology students over the course of their undergraduate degrees, we constituted five different ways of accounting for sociology. These ranged from describing sociology as a form of personal development focused on developing the students’ opinion to describing sociology as a partial way of studying the relations between people and society. The majority of students expressed more inclusive accounts of sociology over the course of their degrees. However, some students’ accounts suggested they had become disengaged with sociology. We argue that the differences in the ways that students were disengaged were not captured by our phenomenographic categories. In conclusion, we argue that our analysis illustrates the crucial role that students’ relations to knowledge play in understanding the transformative nature of higher education.  相似文献   

Doctoral and nondoctoral practicing school psychologists: Are there differences?     

Michael B. Brown  Monica L. Swigart  Larry M. Bolen  Cathy W. Hall  Raymond T. Webster 《Psychology in the schools》1998,35(4):347-354

The purpose of this study was to examine and describe differences between doctoral and nondoctoral practicing school psychologists. Participants selected for the study were school psychologists who were full-time practitioners in a school setting. The sample was randomly selected from the 1992 National Association of School Psychologists Membership Database. Four hundred forty persons were selected to serve as a sample of the NASP membership, and 359 responded to the survey. Of those that responded, 232 were full-time practitioners employed in the schools and formed the sample used in the data analysis. Overall, doctoral and nondoctoral school psychologists were very much alike in terms of age, gender, and years of experience. Doctoral level school psychologists were more likely to be employed in urban areas. Both groups spend a similar amount of time participating in seven different job activities. Doctoral and nondoctoral level practitioners working in schools maintain high levels of job satisfaction and the majority intend to remain in their current position and the profession for the next five years. Higher salaries and an increased likelihood of having a private practice outside of school are the major differences between doctoral and nondoctoral school psychologists practicing in the schools. Future evolution of the role of school psychologists may allow for the increased use of the advanced skills obtained by doctoral level school psychologists. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

Parental Perspectives on Storybook Reading in Indian Home Contexts     

Pandith  Pooja  John  Sunila  Bellon-Harn  Monica L.  Manchaiah  Vinaya 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2022,50(2):315-325

Early Childhood Education Journal - The benefits of parent–child storybook reading experiences in the home are well documented. However, there is a dearth of information regarding...  相似文献   

On Codes of Ethics,The Individual and Performance     

Monica Lee 《Performance Improvement Quarterly》2003,16(2):72-89

In this paper I contend that, although codes of ethics are very good things and could potentially improve performance by acting as a normalising agent for a profession, they are not problem‐free. In particular, they lend themselves to reification (making something abstract into something concrete and thus, reduce the potential for their full impact), they are time dependent (that is, they are relevant only to the time in which they were formulated), subject to different lenses (that is, they are relevant only to the culture in which they were formulated), and emotionally challenged (that is, they are rarely formulated in a way that encompasses the emotions around the particular situation). An individual's role in a situation is hard to delineate via codes of ethics and, thus, these codes of ethics should be seen as a proposition, rather than as a solution for performance problems regarding ethical challenges.  相似文献   

Intervention resource guide: 50 performance improvement tools     

Danny G. Langdon  Kathleen S. Whiteside  Monica M. McKenna  Carol A. Harrison  Scott Stewart 《Performance Improvement》2001,40(6):45-48

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